The Right To The City.

Henry Lefebvre - The French Giant.

He was a critic of disciplinary over specialization such as that between economics, geography and sociology, which 'parcelled up' the study of space. He worked on dialectics, alienation, and criticism of Stalinism and structuralism. Lefebvre wrote more than sixty books and three hundred articles.

Lefebvre defined everyday life dialectically as the intersection of "illusion and truth, power and helplessness; the intersection of the sector man controls and the sector he does not control“ and is where the perpetually transformative conflict occurs between diverse, specific rhythms: the body’s polyrhythmic bundles of natural rhythms, physiological (natural) rhythms, and social rhythms. The idea was that through auto critique, people could understand and then revolutionize their everyday lives. This was essential to Lefebvre because everyday life was where he saw capitalism surviving and reproducing itself. Without revolutionizing everyday life, capitalism would continue to diminish the quality of everyday life, and inhibit real self-expression.

Henry Lefebvre (1901-1991)

"Change life! Change Society! These ideas lose completely their meaning without producing an appropriate space. A lesson to be learned from soviet constructivists from the 1920s and 30s, and of their failure, is that new social relations demand a new space, and vice-versa."

Lefebvre’s right to the city is an argument for profoundly reworking both the social relations of capitalism and the current structure of liberal-democratic citizenship. His right to the city is not a suggestion for reform, nor does it envision a fragmented, tactical, or piecemeal resistance. His idea is instead a call for a radical restructuring of social, political, and economic relations, both in the city and beyond.

 Urban space figures are so centrally placed in the ‘Right to the City’, it is important to say a word about Lefebvre’s notion of space. He takes an extremely expansive view that encompasses much more than just concrete space. Lefebvre’s idea of space includes what he calls perceived space, conceived space, and lived space . Perceived space refers to the relatively objective, concrete space people encounter in their daily environment. Conceived space refers to mental constructions of space, creative ideas about and representations of space. Lived space is the complex combination of perceived and conceived space. It represents a person’s actual experience of space in everyday life. Lived space is not just a passive stage on which social life unfolds, but represents a constituent element of social life. Therefore, social relations and lived space are inescapably hinged together in everyday life.

Producing urban space, for Lefebvre, necessarily involves reproducing the social relations that are bound up in it. The production of urban space therefore entails much more than just planning the material space of the city; it involves producing and reproducing all aspects of urban life. For Lefebvre, then, “the right to the city is like a cry and a demand... a transformed and renewed right to urban life.”

 The right to the city involves two principal rights for urban inhabitants: the right to participation, and the right to appropriation.

The right to participation - maintains that citadins should play a central role in any decision that contributes to the production of urban space.

The right to appropriation -  includes the right of inhabitants to physically access, occupy, and use urban space, and so this notion has been the primary focus of those who advocate the right of people to be physically present in the space of the city.

David Harvey described the right to city as : -

‘The right to the city is far more than the individual liberty to access urban resources: it is a right to change ourselves by changing the city. It is, moreover, a common rather than an individual right since this transformation inevitably depends upon the exercise of a collective power to reshape the processes of urbanization. The freedom to make and remake our cities and ourselves is, I want to argue, one of the most precious yet most neglected of our human rights.’

 

The Right to the City

should modify, concretize and make more practical the

rights of the citizen as an urban dweller (citadin) and

user of multiple services. It would affirm, on the one

hand, the right of users to make known their ideas on

the space and time of their activities in the urban area;

it would also cover the right to the use of the centre, a

privileged place, instead of being dispersed and stuck

into ghettos.

Chandigarh - The Influence of Le Corbusier & His Team

'Modern life demands, and is waiting for, a new kind of plan, both for the house and the city.'

'Space and light and order. Those are the things that men need just as much as they need bread or a place to sleep.'

After the tragic death of Nowicki, Mayer gave up the work and new face in Le Corbusier was given the opportunity to build his 'dream city'. Le Corbusier duly considered the Mayer –Nowicki plan, but introduced several major changes. The socio-economic conditions and the living habits of the people ruled out the idea of vertical and horizontal planning. The planning team included Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Corbusier’s cousin and practice partner; Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew, a British husband and wife team who had experience designing for a tropical climate from working in West Africa with a large team of Indian architects, both new and experienced.

Le Corbusier conceived the master plan of Chandigarh as analogous to human body, with a clearly defined head (the Capital Complex, Sector 1), the heart (the City Centre, Sector 17), lungs (the leisure valley, innumerable open space, green spaces and their linkages), the circulatory system(the network of roads, the 7Vs’) and the viscera (the Industrial Area).

The concept of the city is based on four major functions : Living, Working, Care of body and Spirit and Circulation. Residential sector constitute the living part whereas the Capitol Complex, city centre, Educational Zone (Post Graduate Institute, Punjab Engineering College, Punjab University) and the Industrial Area constitute the working part. The Leisure Valley, Gardens, Sector Greens and Open Courtyards etc. are for the care of body and spirit. The circulation system comprises of 7 different types of roads known as 7 Vs Later on a pathways for cyclists called V8 were added to this circulation system. As per records, the phase-I of the master plan was up to Sector 25. Later the city was extended in the space available east of Sector 7,19 and 20 and numbered 26,27,28,29 and 30 and further towards phase II.

Concept Plan - The Grid Pattern, Factors relating the Human-Nature Relationship, the Hierarchy of Roads and the placement of things in relation with  the body of a human being

PLAN (PHASE I) with its green lungs, linking them in order to function the urban ecosystem efficiently and providing the inhabitants the principle of care of body and spirit.

Le Corbusier Vision for the City formation; Biological phenomena – cities also have brain,  heart, lungs, limbs and arteries like human being.

Comparison between Corbusian Principles and Ekistics Principles

“We are fond of the crowd and the crush because we are human beings and like to live in groups. In such a town as I have outlined, with a denser population than that of any existing cities, there would be ample provision and opportunity for close human contact; there would be trees, flowers and spreading lawns.” - LC

'Le Corbusier was the clearest example [of planners designing optimal cities according to so-called scientific principles]. He and other planners had a minimalist conception of human nature. A human being needs so many cubic feet of air per day, a temperature within a certain range, so many gallons of water, and so many square feet in which to sleep and work.' The era which followed the Corbusian era saw many developments and changes in the policy and principles outlined by Le Corbusier for the city's development in accordance with the human values and human-nature relationship majorly. 

 The Bigger Picture of Chandigarh

The first part of this story can be reached at Pre Corbusian Era of Chandigarh.

Chandigarh - The Only Built City of Le Corbusier

The Union Territory of Chandigarh is located in the foothills of the Shivalik hill ranges in the north, which form a part of the fragile Himalayan ecosystem. It is occupied by Kandi (Bhabhar) in the north east and Sirowal (Tarai) and alluvial plains in the remaining part. The subsurface formation comprises of beds of boulders, pebbles, gravel, sand, silt, clays and some Kankar. The area is drained by two seasonal rivulets viz Sukhna Choe in the east and Patiala-Ki-Rao Choe in the west. The central Part forms a surface water and has two minor steams. The steam passing through the central part is called N-Choe.

Soon after the Partition of the then 'Bharat', the need of a new Capital for the State of Punjab was felt. About 70 sq. km. of land between the rivulets PatialaChoe and SukhnaChoe were acquired as per a Master Plan developed by Le Corbusier which had a number of control mechanisms such as architectural control, frame control, advertisement control and zoning to regulate development. In 1966, Punjab State was reorganized and Chandigarh became the Capital of Punjab & Haryana having an area of 70 sq. km. and 26 adjoining villages with an area of 44 sq. km. The total area of the city being 114 sq. Km.

Mayer and Nowicki had prepared a master plan for a population of 500,000. It was based on grid system of low-density neighbourhood defined by a grid of roads. The roads were slightly curved to follow the contours of site and the major traffic arteries would appear dull and monotonous if kept straight. 

The partition of India led to the State of Punjab, in the
boundaries of  'Hindustan' without a capital
zone, Lahore being the earlier one which came in the
boundaries of 'Pakistan'.

The Choes(rivulet), Shivalik Ranges and the Morni Hills are in the backdrop of the City Site.

Plan based on organic form of leaf.  The stem of the leaf was  compared with a commercial  axis, which cuts through  the centre of the city. Traffic arteries would  branch out from this stem.

The unit of housing was a superblock with 500 M x 1000 M dimensions. Each superblock was to consist of 3 blocks which would contain Housing, School, Shopping centers, among other amenities. 3 types of housing for Low, Middle and High-income groups were planned around a central green space. Different income group were mixed intentionally to avoid rigid stratification.

The capital Complex was proposed to be sited at the northern end of the city , with the city centre  in the centre and industrial sector in the east. Two natural valleys which run across the site were proposed to be developed  as park strips. Nowicki was tragically killed in an airplane crash and Mayer decided to leave the project. Then came the face of Edward Jeanerette commonly known as Le Corbusier, the team of his then designed and planned the city to the built form.  Le Corbusier duly considered the Mayer –Nowicki plan, but introduced several major changes. The socio-economic conditions and the living habits of the people ruled out the idea of vertical and horizontal planning.

The arrival of Le Corbusier and his team changed a lot of things and hence the shape and design changed which would have been the other way, if Nowicki wouldn't have got killed. Well, that's just the if's and but's. Le Corbusier did a commendable job while planning and designing one of India's first planned city after the country got its independence.   

Photo of the  Earlier Construction Phase of the Deelopment of the formation of the city of Chandigarh

Sketches by Maxwell Fry 
defining the location of the city
onto the map.

This journey is continued at Corbusian Era of Chandigarh Development.

The WaterLOGGING of the National Capital of the Republic of India.

The arrival of the monsoon hits the Urban space of Delhi badly, which is on the verge of becoming one of the world's earliest megacities. The problems is being faced by the inhabitants from decades and no such ground measures have been set or implemented which enhances the overall hydrological cycles of the region for the long term to come for the better and efficient existence of the city which has been made the capital of its kingdom several times. For the sustainable development of any space, one factor which holds its importance pretty much is the management of the river systems which consists of the hydrology as well. Planners have took a several measures one of which includes the building the nallas (drains), which allows the run-off directly to the means of its disposal. Reduction in the surface run-off has degraded the water levels of many of the cities across the Globe which is a concerning factor for designing the cities of the future. Have a look at some of the clicks taken from the parts of New Delhi.

The area in the South Delhi where first the construction of the Metro route has been delayed leaving behind the daily commuters facing a lot difficulties during their daily journey and then the water logged areas has further degraded the overall situation.

Not only the main approach road is water logged, there are areas in front of the residences which are filled with usual water after a few minutes of shower. The situation is from the city where the inhabitants are a lot concerned of their so called 'Standard Of Living.'

The situation worsens itself in the months of July-August(which has also becoming late with every passage of a year due to the changes in the natural systems with the ever increasing human intervention.) The areas could be seen well a more than feet logged with water intervening and effecting the transit system badly.

A city is a place of formation of social groups as a resultant of the heterogeneous character of the inhabitants residing which transforms the order of the community and thus regulating the shape, characters to the city. It's more of a collective approach which holds the key in the social and economic well-being of a city/urban space. The government is just a medium of the management and they can be guided in many ways in the advanced world of today and they can be left with a set of examples as well at the individual level, community level or may be ward level. The promotion of the 'Local Area Planning' needs a mention here as well as the approach followed by the planners and designers seems to get failed from the very first step itself. They needs a set of revival policies here as India is, with a decent pace being urbanized every moment that passes by. India is in a mid-way of the process of urbanization and if a wider aspect related the planning and formation of the sustainable settlements of tomorrow, a lot can be saved and planned accordingly. Also, the context of planning and situations prevailing has to be wisely considered. Foreign models can't be directly transferred

Cities can't be developed and designed by the concerning authorities and government organizations, It's more of the community involvement and participation which shapes the city. Cities are more of a biological phenomenon and hence it can be moulded around the needs and perception of the citizens inhabiting the space.

What is a City?

The city in its complete sense, then, is a geographic plexus, an economic organization, an institutional process, a theatre of social action, and an aesthetic symbol of collective unity. The city fosters art and is art; the city creates the theatre and is the theatre. It is in the city, the city theatre, that man’s more purposive activities are focused, and work out, through conflicting and cooperating personalities, events, groups, into more significant culminations

The Advanced Human Settlement
Source :- https://www.ratestogo.com/blog/three-most-futuristic-cities/

The above quoted lines are taken from the essays of Lewis Mumford from his work on the ‘Architectural Record (1937). Mumford arguably made the complex nexus of the cities to very simple through his words. He calls it a network of geographic elements, the prosperous future of economics for the liveliness of the cities, a place where the knowledge based activities flourish and steps are attempted to increase the standards of living. The comparison of the cities with the theatre of social action is the most humane and natural process that occurs where a few people shares their views, spaces (marketplace, green areas, institutions, etc,) together. Mumford beautifully explained a city that gives the individuals residing, a sense of an aesthetic symbol of the oneness, i.e. the collective unity. What is said to be the understanding of the cities in the post second world war era, holds pretty much true in the current picturesque, except a few major changes that the existence of the urban spaces experienced especially after the formation of the various world and state organisations, global spread of the technologies and the so-called modernisation, to name some.

Elizabeth Wilson in her work 'The Sphinx in The City' describes a city and its ever increasing hemisphere from the 'excluded' point of view and calls it as the "preconditions for the continuing struggle, since in the city the poor, although 'excluded from the comforts of the city, are exposed to its modernity.' " She describes city as a space, where the gulf between what is and what might be appears to get widen.

The City raises aspirations of its citizens and gives more chance of their realisation. The city is a gathering of people from diverse culture and regions, collectively forming the so-called 'sub-culture' which constitutes the basic thing behind the functioning of the city.

Tughlakabad - The Forgotten Piece of Land somewhere around New Delhi

Ghazi Malik, Alauddin Khalji’s general was put to throne with the title Ghiasuddin Tughlaq, after the defeat of Khusro Khan in 1320. The location of the fort, some 7 kms east of the earler cities of Lal Kot & Siri, was entirely dictated by strategic concerns.  And so this rocky outcrop was picked, surrounded by ravines on the north, east & west and bounded on the south by a flat plain.

This third city of Delhi was enclosed with an area of around 6.5 sq.kms, which due to the lack of maintanence and management could be seen in a disastrous situation with pond and unwanted grass and plants with no sense of human values and they say, it's a protected and conserved monument. 

The fort was completed in just a span of around 4 years, as all the labourers around Delhi, were deployed in the construction of the same. sufi saint, Nizamuddin Aulia, pleaded to the Sultan to spare some workers for his 'baoli'(wellness) which he declined. On this Aulia is sail to have given two curses to him : ‘ya rahey gujjar, ya rahe ujar’ and ‘hunuz dilli door ast’(Delhi is yet far). 

On the inauguration of the new Capital, Sultan died under said conspiracy hatched by his son, Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq. The fort after the tragic death of his buiider, never got occupied and was finally abandoned in 1327. Following the abandonment, a settlement of the gujjar herdsmen, as per the prophecy came up within the precincts, which later was known as Tughlakabad village.

Beautiful sunset - Worst Condition Children from the surroundings could be seen playing their sports here at various sites inside the fort. Animals could also be seen like buffalo, donkey, etc, grazinf grass here. The fort is under disastrous situation as far as the conservation of some place which holds very much importance as far as our history is concerned.

After the formation of the Archaeological Survey of India, the fort was declared a protected monument. However, over the years, the villagers encroached upon the land of the fort beyond the limit of the village building houses and selling plots. Due to political exigencies, the leadership and the Government of the day has always preferred to look the other way. It’s a ruined fort. Its’ open for the visitors from sunrise to sunset and few things are still the same way.

Lows and Downs -
The ignorance of the authorities at proper time, resulted in the so-called illegal human settlement, which could have been avoided or either could still be saved, as extreme situtation is still to occur.

The villagers tries to prove their existence to be around 700 years with no real evidences for it, some historians believes it to be at least 300 years old. Built-up and infrastructure has improved quite a bit with very poor civic amenities and facilities. There’s sewage problem, people are still poverty-stricken. Employment rate has however increased with being in the vicinity of the national capital, but education status hasn’t increased to the level. If the fort hadn’t been a ruined one, than it may attract the tourist and may help in increasing their income.

The historic city of Delhi consists of the seven capital cities formed at different eras of the history of the Indian Subcontinent. The city of Tughlakabad can be seen the worst mainatained and managed of them all. What it all needs, is just a proper care, maintenance, and firstly the upheaval and it could only add to the economic value of the national capital city of The Republic of India.

Lack of Fore-sightedness in the formation of various URBAN Policies.

Urban Renewal Mission a Failure

The various urban policies introduced and implemented by the government have failed to get executed in the real sense or may be sometimes, the situations are misread as well. Here's an article regarding the failure of one such attempt, the seeds of whose though have born into some fruits, but it seem the situation was well interpreted according to the common human intellectual level, but they are/were in fact built to cop-up with the current situation lacking the 'Forward Planning' Approach which are in a way very much essential for the development and growth of our future cities.

Urban renewal mission a failure: CAG - The Hindu
 

The Denial of the Urban Ecosystem !

Way for the Efficient Management of the Natural System We are Living In

The Urban Ecosystem - Depiction
Source : - http://inhabitat.com/

We may have seen the management related problems regarding the sewerages and waste materials of various cities. Though the lack of awareness amongst the people is also an issue in this regard but it may also be increased by the various awareness programs relating the issue on the authorities behalf only. We can't wait for the people to get educated as this will ask for a period of time and still after becoming educated, it's not 100% sure that they will be educated with human values. This issue hence needs to be rooted out on the planning part only. Very few urban planners knows about the various urban ecosystem and if in case they are aware of the term, they will find it very difficult implementing them in their planning process, subsequently which leads them to ignoring the issue or rather just completing the various standards set by the concerned authorities. Very few of us may know that these urban ecosystem if wisely used, serves the best for the various 'Solid waste disposal systems'. For instance, if wetlands are considered, they results in better water management in advantage with, that it also reduces the cost factor and may increase the recreational cultural values. It may serve in a number of very intense issues. Planning has rather failed a long way in serving any these systems. 

Humanity is increasingly urban, but continues to depend on Nature for its survival. Cities are dependent on the ecosystems beyond the city limits, but also benefit from internal urban ecosystems. Seven different urban ecosystems have been identified: street trees; lawns/parks; urban forests; cultivated land; wetlands; lakes/sea; and streams.

When humanity is considered a part of nature, cities themselves can be regarded as a global network of ecosystems. If compared with true, natural ecosystems, the man-made ones are however immature due to features like their rapid growth and inefficient use of resources such as energy and water (Haughton and Hunter, 1994). Odum (1971) even observes cities to be ‘‘only parasites in the biosphere’’.

Most of the problems present in urban areas are locally generated, such as those due to traffic. Often the most effective, and in some cases the only, way to deal with these local problems is through local solutions. In this respect, the urban ecosystems are vital.

I have prepared a document which will help in giving you an overview with the values of urban ecosystems and how it may be used for regaining the things with the help of them. We, and more importantly planners should understand the 'Nature's Cycle' before doing any planning exercise as it leads to the quality of life of the thousands. Merging of an efficient environmentalist may give you some guidance and it'll surely help the whole urban area to be planned with a holistic and long serving approaches. Studies of various cities like Stockholm and Chicago, how they evolved and what were the things which timely,  sometimes their administration and sometimes the society themselves took the initiative and rooted out the problems they have faced. It's a high time for the developing nations, as the development is still in the early stages or you can say in the mid-early age and if it wouldn't been taken care of now, nothing can't be done ever after, except the destruction which will worsen the human life and their values.

My Administrator isn't working and hence not able to share the Google Doc. it seems the window has crashed, sorry for the inconvenience. I'll come back soon with the document as soon as I resolves the issue. Have fun till then and live every moment of your life as it'll never come back(and actually the moment passed never comes back). If any planners or concerned readers have some contradictories or comments, they are free to write to my mail, as the correct thing should always be valued under some parameters. I just want that the readers, do build in their minds some kind of imagination of the city they lives in and feel the difference, if it would have been your way, if you thinks that your city or the city you may have travelled earlier, could be made better if better planning activities would have occurred or rather, right and knowledgeable steps would have been taken.